Articles
Practical articles on GAFTA, FOSFA, LMAA, English law, charterparties, shipping and international trade.
The British legal system differs significantly from most continental European systems, and one of the most notable distinctions is the…
Incoterms 2020 are international rules that define the terms of delivery of goods in international trade. The abbreviation derives from…
CPT is an Incoterms term under which the seller undertakes to organise and pay for the transportation of the goods…
Grain quality is a key factor that determines the success of grain exports. It directly affects the price, global market…
Instalment deliveries are used in Gafta and FOSFA contracts to provide flexibility in logistics and risk management. However, misunderstandings regarding…
In this article, we will consider what a default judgment is, when it is available under English law, the process…
On 1 February 2025, Donald Trump announced the imposition of tariffs on imports from Canada, Mexico, and China. According to…
Ad hoc arbitration is a dispute resolution mechanism in which the parties organise the process themselves, including appointing arbitrators, defining…
A letter of credit is a secure payment method between a seller and a buyer, ensuring payment for the delivery…