Articles
Practical articles on GAFTA, FOSFA, LMAA, English law, charterparties, shipping and international trade.
Letter of indemnity (LOI) is a written undertaking by one party to compensate another for losses arising from a specific…
A clean bill of lading is a bill of lading that contains no clauses or notations regarding defects in the…
Notice of Appropriation is the seller’s notification linking a specific cargo to the contract. In grain trading, it’s typically an…
Default clause is a damages compensation mechanism built into standard GAFTA contracts. When one party commits a material breach (breach…
The phrase ‘payment before breaking bulk’ has long been used in contracts for the supply of grain and other bulk…
Business owners frequently allocate substantial resources toward employee development, simultaneously granting personnel access to proprietary data, customer records and intellectual…
The English approach to contractual penalties stands in marked contrast to that prevailing across continental European jurisdictions. Where many legal…
The London Maritime Arbitrators Association (LMAA) has developed several frameworks to resolve maritime disputes. Its flagship LMAA Terms provide a…
As of 1 October 2025, several amendments to Gafta contracts and arbitration rules have come into effect. The changes include…