This article is a general guide to LMAA (London Maritime Arbitrators Association) arbitration. What is LMAA? LMAA is an association of practising maritime arbitrators. It was founded in 1960 and is based in London. The Association adopts arbitration rules and brings together maritime arbitrators from around the world. Most maritime disputes are resolved under the Association’s rules. However, LMAA is not an arbitration institution: it does not participate in the resolution of disputes and does…
This article is a general guide to the International Commercial Arbitration Court at the Ukrainian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ICAC). ICAC Fundamentals at the Ukrainian Chamber of Commerce and Industry The ICAC at the Ukrainian Chamber of Commerce and Industry was established in 1992 to resolve international commercial disputes. It operates in accordance with the Law of Ukraine “On International Commercial Arbitration” and its own procedural rules (the Rules). ICAC provides services for the…
This is an introductory article on the LCIA (London Court of International Arbitration) arbitration. A brief history of the creation of the LCIA The first steps to establish the LCIA were taken as early as the end of the 19th century. In 1883 a committee was set up to draw up proposals for a tribunal to deal with cross-border commercial disputes. However, it was not until 1891 that the final scheme was approved, and a…
This article is about the FOSFA Small Claims Single Tier Rules of Arbitration. The Federation has three sets of rules in total: Rules of Arbitration and Appeal (standard rules incorporated into most FOSFA proforma contracts) Rules of Arbitration for Brokerage Commission and Interest Small Claims Single Tier Rules of Arbitration (“the Small Claims Rules”) The Small Claims Rules are not incorporated into FOSFA pro forma contracts. They only apply when the parties have envisaged them…
This article is about FOSFA arbitration under the Rules of Arbitration for Brokerage Commission and Interest (“Brokerage rules). You can read about the standard FOSFA arbitration rules here. The rules are designed for brokers in case of non-payment of commission. Usually, these are simple disputes that do not involve a lot of evidence, complex legal issues, and oral hearings. The primary purpose of the rules is to make the collection of brokerage commissions a simple,…
Scott v Avery clause prohibits commencing litigation or seeking interim measures (such as arrest of property) before a final arbitration award. This article explains how this clause works. Background The case Scott v Avery was tried in 1856. By that time, arbitration had long existed in England. Although contracts contained arbitration clauses, the parties often broke them and sued in court. Courts had no obligation to stay litigation if there was an arbitration clause. Judges…
FOSFA arbitration (The Federation of Oils, Seeds and Fats Associations Ltd) plays a key role in international trade of oils, seeds, and fats. In this guide, we will examine the main aspects of FOSFA arbitration, including the dispute resolution process, timelines, costs, and enforcement of decisions. It is important to understand how this process works to use it effectively in commercial activities. 📕 Free practitioner’s guide — FOSFA arbitration & appeal 2026 Print-quality 26-page PDF…
Worldwide Freezing Order (WFO) is an English court order to freeze a debtor’s property worldwide. A positive judgment does not mean recovery. Courts or arbitrations can last for years, during which the debtor can withdraw money from the accounts. WFO solves this problem. Why Worldwide Freezing Order? The main things: WFO prohibits a debtor from withdrawing funds or selling assetsThe order is obtained in support of court proceedings or arbitrationWFO can be obtained in three…
This article is about arbitration under the Gafta 126 Rules. I have written about the standard Rules 125 here. Gafta created Expedited Arbitration Procedure Rules 126 for rapid dispute resolution. The Association designed these rules for simple disputes of small value. The main advantages of the Rules are speed and cost. Statistically, arbitration under Rules 126 takes 4 months, and arbitration under Rules 125 takes 8 months. The average cost under the expedited rules is…
Gafta arbitration (Grain and Feed Trade Association) is a dispute resolution process conducted under the Gafta rules, primarily based on the association’s standard forms. Gafta, the International Grain and Feed Trade Association, was established to standardise and simplify the global trade of grain and feed. The association develops standard form contracts that include mandatory provisions for resolving disputes through Gafta arbitration. These contracts are widely used in international trade, and any disputes arising from them…
